Queues are data structures that follow the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle. In simple terms, the first element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed. This guide will take you through creating a basic queue in TypeScript.

Define the Queue Class

First, we need to define our queue class. We'll create a class called Queue with a generic type T to allow it to store any type of data.

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class Queue<T> {
    private items: T[] = [];

    enqueue(item: T): void {
        this.items.push(item);
    }

    dequeue(): T | undefined {
        return this.items.shift();
    }

    peek(): T | undefined {
        return this.items[0];
    }

    isEmpty(): boolean {
        return this.items.length === 0;
    }

    size(): number {
        return this.items.length;
    }
}

Here's a breakdown of the methods:

• enqueue(item: T): This method adds an item to the end of the queue.
• dequeue(): This method removes the item from the front of the queue and returns it.
• peek(): This method returns the front item without removing it.
• isEmpty(): This method checks if the queue is empty.
• size(): This method returns the number of items in the queue.

Use the Queue

Now that we have our queue class, let's see how to use it.

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const numbersQueue = new Queue<number>();

// Add items to the queue
numbersQueue.enqueue(1);
numbersQueue.enqueue(2);
numbersQueue.enqueue(3);

console.log(numbersQueue.size());  // Outputs: 3

console.log(numbersQueue.peek());  // Outputs: 1
console.log(numbersQueue.dequeue());  // Outputs: 1
console.log(numbersQueue.peek());  // Outputs: 2

console.log(numbersQueue.isEmpty());  // Outputs: false

Enhancements

While the basic queue is functional, there are potential enhancements you could add:

1. Capacity Limit: Implement a maximum capacity for the queue to prevent it from growing indefinitely.
2. Error Handling: Add proper error handling for edge cases, like trying to dequeue from an empty queue.
3. Additional Utility Methods: Methods like toArray() to convert the queue into an array can be helpful in certain situations.

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class EnhancedQueue<T> extends Queue<T> {
    private capacity: number;

    constructor(capacity: number = Infinity) {
        super();
        this.capacity = capacity;
    }

    enqueue(item: T): void {
        if (this.size() < this.capacity) {
            super.enqueue(item);
        } else {
            throw new Error("Queue is at max capacity!");
        }
    }

    toArray(): T[] {
        return [...this.items];
    }
}

With the enhanced queue, you can initialize it with a capacity:

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const limitedQueue = new EnhancedQueue<number>(2);

limitedQueue.enqueue(1);
limitedQueue.enqueue(2);
// This will throw an error since the queue has reached its capacity
// limitedQueue.enqueue(3);

console.log(limitedQueue.toArray());  // Outputs: [1, 2]

With this guide, you now have a basic understanding of how to create and use a queue in TypeScript. Whether you stick with the basic version or enhance it to better suit your needs, you have a robust data structure to incorporate into your projects.